Questions To Ask Your DIEP Flap Surgeon

If you are considering DIEP flap breast reconstruction finding the right surgical team is key. Before choosing a DIEP flap surgeon be sure to ask the following questions:

1. Are you certified by the American Board of Plastic Surgery? Your surgeon should be a board certified plastic surgeon.
2. Do you have extensive experience with this type of surgery - How many have you performed? Preferably your surgeon will have performed over 100 DIEP flap procedures.
3. What's your success rate? Top specialist centers boast a success rate of at least 98%.
4. How long does the surgery take? This will vary between institutions based on experience. The most experienced surgeons typically take between 3-6 hours depending on whether one or both breast are being reconstructed (not including the mastectomies).
5. How often do you plan to perform a DIEP flap but end up changing the procedure to a free TRAM flap during the surgery? The "conversion rate" to a free TRAM flap should be low.
6. How many microsurgeons will be performing the surgery? Since the DIEP flap procedure is so technically demanding and long, it is preferable to have two microsurgeons performing the surgery rather than just one. Not only will this ensure you benefit from the expertise of two specially trained surgeons, but it will also significantly cut down the length of the procedure and anesthesia.
7. Do you have residents or fellows? Will they be performing any of my surgery? Some centers have surgeons-in-training known as "residents" or "fellows" that may be helping with your surgery or even performing part of it. This may or may not be something you are comfortable with considering the complexity of the surgery.
8. Do you "balance bill"? Centers that are in-network for most insurance plans will ask the patient to pay ONLY what's laid out by the patient's insurance plan (ie copay, deductible, etc). Other centers "accept insurance" and will often help the patient get money back from their insurance company - however, the patient is still expected to provide the difference between what the insurance pays and the doctor's fee. This is known as "balance billing". While many centers do this, some DO NOT balance bill. Make sure to ask ahead of time to avoid nasty financial surprises down the line.
9. Do you have Insurance Specialists on staff? Unfortunately, some patients will face difficulties in gaining access to DIEP flap specialists even though insurance companies are federally mandated to pay for the cost of breast reconstruction. Here again it pays to seek out centers that specialize in these procedures as typically an insurance specialist is available to help patients with insurance issues. Again, this can prevent a nasty financial surprise after your surgery.

Hope that helps!

Dr C

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PRMA Plastic Surgery has successfully performed over 3,000 DIEP flap breast reconstructions. We specialize in advanced breast reconstruction procedures that use the patient's own tissue. Procedures offered include the DIEP flap, SIEA flap, GAP flap, and TUG flap. We are In-Network for most US insurance plans. Patients are routinely welcomed from across and outside the USA. Connect with other breast cancer reconstruction patients at www.facebook.com/PRMAplasticsurgery.

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Texas Bill Mandates Breast Reconstruction Discussion Before Breast Cancer Surgery

Currently only 30% of breast cancer patients are informed of their breast reconstruction options before mastectomy or lumpectomy.

New legislation is being proposed in Texas that aims to significantly improve that abysmal statistic for breast cancer patients. Texas House Bill 669 would mandate that doctors inform all breast cancer patients about their breast reconstruction options BEFORE having surgery for breast cancer. The bill was drafted based on similar legislation in the state of New York.

PRMA Plastic Surgery is proud to announce that a former patient, Tammy Carrington, is the team leader behind this Bill.  She proactively sought out her state representative, James White, to begin drafting proposals.  The Bill was drafted and submitted January 14, 2011.  If approved, this statute will take effect the following year.

Tammy Carrington knows firsthand what it’s like to be diagnosed with breast cancer and receive limited treatment options.  After being diagnosed in June of 2009, Tammy was given two options: a lumpectomy with radiation or a unilateral mastectomy.  Tammy didn’t want either.

Tammy wanted to decrease the risk of breast cancer in the future in the other breast too. After intensely researching her options on her own she learned she could have bilateral mastectomies and immediate reconstruction. Ultimately she traveled to PRMA in San Antonio and underwent bilateral mastectomies with immediate DIEP flap breast reconstruction using her own abdominal tissue.  All the procedures were covered by her health insurance.

Not surprisingly, Tammy feels very strongly about this Bill since she so easily could have chosen something she feels would have been the wrong option for her.

"My nature is to research things completely so that I can make informed decisions. I am the mom to a severely brain injured little boy… I’ve spent lots of time over the years looking for information on how to help him get better… After getting over the shock of hearing the 'C' word,... I went into research mode”, Tammy recalls.

“HB 669 isn’t mandating any particular treatment. It's not mandating any surgery. It's just mandating education. Women have the right to be told about their options so they can make truly informed decisions about their own health. Unfortunately, right now only 30% are even told breast reconstruction is an option”, she says.

PRMA Plastic Surgery is proud to support HB 669 and is calling on breast cancer patients, physicians, and all those touched by breast cancer throughout the state of Texas to offer their support by calling their representatives.

Please call your State Legislator and urge them to co-author HB 669. Your state representative’s contact information can be found HERE.

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PRMA Plastic Surgery in San Antonio, Texas, specializes in advanced breast reconstruction using the patient's own tissue. Procedures offered include the DIEP flap, SIEA flap, GAP flap, and TUG flap. We are In-Network for most US insurance plans. Patients are routinely welcomed from across Texas, out-of-state, as well as from outside the USA. Connect with other breast cancer reconstruction patients at www.facebook.com/PRMAplasticsurgery

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Breast Reconstruction With Tummy Tissue (Abdominal Flaps)

DIEP flap? TRAM flap? SIEA flap? With so many breast reconstruction options available these days it's difficult to understand what these terms really mean and what the differences are between all these "tummy flap" procedures.

It is important for women considering these reconstructive options to realize that not all tummy tissue options are created equal. For example, a DIEP flap is not the same as a TRAM flap just because both provide the benefit of a tummy tuck.

Many women are now rejecting breast implants preferring to use their own abdominal tissue for reconstruction after mastectomy. A breast that has been reconstructed with the patient's own tissue typically looks and feels more natural than an implant reconstruction, will last longer without the long-term complications that can be associated with implants, and will also age like a natural breast. Women wanting to use their abdominal tissue have 3 reconstructive options: a TRAM flap, DIEP flap, or SIEA flap.

The TRAM flap is a very common breast reconstruction technique that requires the sacrifice of at least a portion of the rectus abdominus (sit-up) muscle. There are 3 different types of TRAM flap ("pedicle", "free", and "muscle-sparing free"): the exact type is defined by the amount of abdominal muscle removed. Unfortunately, TRAM surgery can be associated with significant post-operative pain, prolonged recovery and a host of abdominal complications such as loss of abdominal muscle strength (up to 20% or more), bulging (or "pooching"), and even abdominal hernia.

The DIEP flap procedure is similar to the TRAM flap except that it spares the rectus abdominus muscle completely. Only skin and fat are removed from the abdomen. This tissue is disconnected from the body completely, transplanted to the chest and re-connected using microsurgery to create the new breast. As the sit-up muscle is saved completely and left behind in its natural place, the risk of abdominal complications is much less than with a TRAM. There also tends to be less pain and a quicker recovery time because the abdominal muscles are preserved and left in place.

Like the DIEP flap, the SIEA (Superficial Inferior Epigastric Artery) flap completely preserves the abdominal muscles. The main difference between these two procedures is the artery used to supply blood flow to the newly reconstructed breast. The “SIEA” blood vessels are generally found in the fatty tissue just below skin whereas the “DIEP” blood vessels run below and within the abdominal muscle (making the DIEP more technically challenging). Recovery from the SIEA flap is even easier than the DIEP since the abdominal muscles are not disturbed at all during the surgery.

Despite the similarities between these two surgeries the SIEA flap is used much less frequently than the DIEP flap because less than 20% of patients have the appropriate anatomy. Unfortunately, there are no pre-operative tests to reliably show which patients have the appropriate anatomy and the decision as to which procedure to perform is made intra-operatively by the plastic surgeon based on the anatomy found at the time of surgery.

Since the TRAM, DIEP and SIEA procedures all use the patient's lower abdominal skin and fat, all these abdominal flap options provide the added benefit of a tummy tuck at the same time as the breast reconstruction.

There are many plastic surgeons in the US offering TRAM flap reconstruction. Unfortunately, very few centers in the US routinely perform the advanced microsurgical procedures like the DIEP and SIEA flap. Many patients will therefore have to travel for these procedures.

When considering a reconstructive surgeon, ensure he/she is a plastic surgeon certified by the American Board of Plastic Surgery that has extensive experience with this specific type of surgery. Also ask about the success rate in their hands - most specialists boast a flap survival rate of 97% to 99%+.

The 2 websites below list surgeons that offer DIEP and SIEA flap reconstruction and serve as a good starting point when researching surgeons:

www.diepbreastreconstruction.org and www.breastrecon.com

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Dr Chrysopoulo is a board certified plastic surgeon at PRMA Plastic Surgery. PRMA specializes in microsurgical breast reconstruction including the DIEP flap procedure. PRMA has performed over 3,250 DIEP flaps and is In-Network for most US insurance plans. On Facebook?.... Connect with other breast cancer patients in our FB Breast Cancer Reconstruction Community.

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TRAM Flap vs DIEP Flap: What's the Difference?

Up until a few years ago, the TRAM flap was the gold standard in breast reconstruction after mastectomy. The TRAM has now been surpassed by the DIEP flap for that honor. For patient's researching their reconstructive options after mastectomy, it is important to understand the concept of TRAM surgery and how it has evolved into today's cutting edge DIEP procedure.

There are three main forms of the TRAM flap operation commonly performed by plastic surgeons:

1) The Pedicled TRAM flap: this was the first operation to describe use of one of the rectus abdominus muscles (sit-up muscle) for breast reconstruction. The surgery begins with an incision from hip to hip. Then, the lower abdominal tissue below the belly button (skin, fat and one of the abdominal muscles) is tunneled under the upper abdominal skin to the chest to create a new breast.

Recovery from the surgery can be difficult and painful. Long-term, the patient has to adapt to the loss of some abdominal strength (up to 20%). As with any surgical procedure there is the possibility of complications. These include delayed healing, fat necrosis (part of the tissue turns hard due to poor blood supply), abdominal complications such as bulging and/or hernia, and loss of the reconstruction altogether (rare).

2) The Free TRAM flap: this procedure uses the same abdominal tissue as the pedicled TRAM except that the tissue ("flap") is disconnected from the patient's body, transplanted to the chest, and reconnected to the body using microsurgery. Advantages over the pedicled TRAM include: improved blood supply (and therefore less risk of healing problems and fat necrosis), and less muscle sacrifice (so the abdominal recovery is a little easier, potentially more strength is maintained long-term, and the risk of bulging and hernia formation is lower).

Since the tissue is disconnected and transplanted to the chest, there is also no tunneling under the skin as there is with the pedicled procedure and no subsequent upper abdominal bulge around the ribcage area (which is typically seen with tunneling).

3) The Muscle-Sparing Free TRAM flap: this operation is associated with all the benefits of the free TRAM but has significantly fewer abdominal complications and side-effects (pain, bulging, hernia, strength loss) because the vast majority of the abdominal muscle is spared and left behind. The amount of muscle taken is typically very small (postage-stamp size). We will opt for this version of the TRAM only in the rare event that the patient's anatomy does not allow for a DIEP or SIEA flap.

4) The DIEP flap: This is the most advanced form of breast reconstruction surgery available today. Like the muscle-sparing free TRAM, the DIEP uses the patient's own abdominal skin and fat to reconstruct a natural, soft breast after mastectomy. Unlike the TRAM however, all the abdominal muscle is preserved. Only abdominal skin and fat are removed similar to a "tummy tuck". Patients therefore experience less pain after surgery, enjoy a faster recovery and maintain their abdominal strength long-term. Since the abdominal muscles are saved, the risk of complications like abdominal bulging and hernia are also significantly lower. Please visit our gallery to view DIEP flap before and after photos.

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Dr Chrysopoulo is a board certified plastic surgeon specializing in the latest breast reconstruction techniques including DIEP flap surgery. He and his partners perform over 500 DIEP flap procedures per year and are In-Network for most US insurance plans. Learn more about your breast reconstruction options and connect with other breast reconstruction patients here. You can also follow Dr C on Twitter!

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Are you a DIEP Flap candidate?

The DIEP flap procedure has rapidly become the "gold standard" in breast reconstruction today. While not every woman is a candidate for DIEP flap surgery, many are turned away when in fact they needn't be. The most common areas of confusion include:


1) Previous Abdominal Surgery

While some types of previous abdominal surgery can make the DIEP flap procedure impossible to perform, most of the time previous abdominal surgery really isn't an issue.

Many women these days have had a previous c-section or hysterectomy. It is possible for these procedures to cause damage to the blood vessels needed for DIEP flap surgery, but this is rare. A previous c-section, hysterectomy, or tubal ligation is not a contra-indication to having the procedure.

If your surgeon is worried about potential damage from previous surgery then certain tests can be performed to examine the anatomy more closely. This can include a simple doppler ultrasound exam in the office or a more involved test like a CT angiogram.

So which previous surgeries DO cause a problem? Women that have had a previous TRAM flap, tummy tuck or very extensive abdominal wall surgeries (like complex repairs of huge hernias) cannot have a DIEP or SIEA flap reconstruction because the lower tummy tissue that is needed has already been removed, disconnected or moved around.

While previous abdominal surgeries may not prevent DIEP flap reconstruction, women that have had multiple previous abdominal procedures are at increased risk of abdominal complications like bulging and even hernia after DIEP flap surgery when compared to women that have never had prior abdominal surgery.


2) An Umbilical Hernia

It is very unlikely that an umbilical hernia would prevent DIEP flap surgery. Most umbilical hernias are small. A very large umbilical hernia can make the surgery harder but even this is not usually a contra-indication to having the procedure.


3) Previous Chest Radiation

One of the most important things for the reconstructive surgeon to achieve is to replace the damaged, firm irradiated tissue with normal, healthy, soft tissue. If the irradiated tissue is not healthy enough to be used as part of the reconstruction (as is the case in many instances), it will be removed and replaced by the healthy (DIEP) tissue.

I have visited with a fair number of patients who have previously been told they are not candidates for DIEP flap reconstruction because they received chest radiation after their mastectomy. I do not share this opinion.

Most of the time this advice seems to stem from fear that the radiation may have caused damage to the internal mammary vessels in the chest. These are the blood vessels that are usually used to connect the DIEP flap to the chest. In reality it is exceptionally rare for us to find these blood vessels are damaged and cannot be used.


4) Not the Right Amount of Tissue

You don't need to be overweight to be a candidate for a DIEP flap. What matters is the distribution of the fat. We have performed DIEP flaps on smaller breast, thin women with a BMI (body mass index) of 20 (and even less) because the fat that they did have was "in all the right places". Having said that, there is an upper limit beyond which the risks of surgery outweigh the benefits - At PRMA we set an upper BMI limit of 40 as we have found that performing the procedure on women with BMIs greater than this significantly increases the rates of complications (especially wound healing problems).



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Dr Chrysopoulo is a board certified plastic surgeon specializing in the latest breast reconstruction techniques . He and his partners are in-network for most US insurance plans. Learn more about your breast reconstruction options and connect with other breast reconstruction patients here. You can also follow Dr C on Twitter!

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How Much Does Breast Reconstruction Cost?

The two most common questions among breast cancer patients considering breast reconstruction are "how much does breast reconstruction cost?" and "will my insurance cover it?". The good news is that even though breast reconstruction is performed by plastic surgeons, it is NOT considered cosmetic surgery.

If the mastectomy is for breast cancer then the law states it must be covered by insurance. If the mastectomy is covered, the reconstruction will be too. The bad news is that even though insurance covers breast reconstruction, there are still some costs that the patient will be responsible for. Patients much research this ahead of time to limit the risk of a nasty financial surprise down the line.

While the degree of coverage varies based on the insurance plan, there are some things that are pretty standard. Effective June 1, 2010 even Medicaid will provide a benefit for breast surgery to the unaffected breast for symmetry, providing certain criteria are met. Breast reconstruction after prophylactic (preventive) mastectomy is usually covered as long as the patient is deemed to be high risk for breast cancer (significant family history or BRCA gene positive).

Even though insurance companies are mandated to cover reconstruction, breast reconstruction insurance laws do vary by state. The amount each insurance pays can also vary a great deal.

It is important to make sure your surgeon is in-network for your insurance plan if at all possible. This will limit your costs to whatever you've agreed to pay under the terms of your insurance plan (such as your deductible, co-pay and out of pocket expense). Using an out-of-network surgeon will likely subject you to other costs such as "balance billing". This is when the surgeon essentially sets his/her price (just to use an example let's say $1,000), receives whatever the insurance plan pays (let's say $600) and then asks the patient to pay the remainder (ie the "balance" of $400). This example is based on relatively small dollar amounts but you can see how this could add up to tens of thousands of dollars of additional bills for a major surgical procedure, and that's just for the first procedure.

Whether or not you can find an in-network, experienced surgeon depends on the procedure you've decided to have. If you've decided to have an implant reconstruction then you may have several doctors to choose from. Implant breast reconstruction is technically not as challenging as other options and most plastic surgeons perform the procedure.

On the other hand, if you're more interested in an advanced reconstructive procedure that not many surgeons offer (like a DIEP flap), you're likely to have a harder time finding an experienced surgeon to perform your surgery who is in-network. Most patients will unfortunately have to travel for their surgery because of this. Even though this may now add the cost of airfare and hotel stays, these costs are typically significantly less than a "balance bill" from an out-of-network surgeon.

Some breast centers even offer special arrangements to traveling patients such as significantly discounted hotel charges to help ease the financial burden.

Find answers to frequently asked breast reconstruction insurance questions here.

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Dr Chrysopoulo is a board certified plastic surgeon specializing in advanced breast reconstruction surgery. He and his partners are in-network for most US insurance plans. Learn more about your breast reconstruction options and connect with other breast reconstruction patients here. You can also follow Dr C on Twitter!

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Too thin for a DIEP flap?

I've spoken to several ladies recently who have had the same misconception about DIEP flap surgery. They were scared they were "too skinny". The truth of the matter is that you don't need to be overweight to be a candidate for DIEP flap surgery. What matters is the distribution of the fat that you do have. Unfortunately that can't be determined over the phone. Sometimes it can't even be determined by emailing pictures.

I can say that we have successfully performed DIEP flap reconstructions on women with BMI's of 20 and even less. In instances where the reconstruction ends up too small, many women are candidates for autologous fat grafting. This involves liposuction of fat from another part of the body, purifying this fat, and then re-injecting it into the reconstructed breast for additional volume.

We used to occasionally place a breast implant under the DIEP flap in women who needed more volume. Unfortunately the patient is then exposed to the risks of breast implants like capsular contracture (hardening of the implant and breast) and even deformity.

Fat is not free of issues either though - some of it can become reabsorbed or form little pea-sized areas of hardening (fat necrosis), especially if the fat grafting is not performed in a meticulous way. There were fears for a while that the injected fat could cause calcifications on a mammogram that could look like or even mask a new breast cancer. Several studies have since proven that fat grafting is safe though some plastic surgeons are still reluctant to perform the procedure because of these previous fears. Even though fat grafting may not be 100% predictable, it has served our patients very well and we now prefer it to implants in these situations.

If you'd like to know for sure whether you're a candidate for a DIEP flap please visit with an experienced DIEP surgeon. It's the only way to really be sure.

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Dr Chrysopoulo is a board certified plastic surgeon specializing in advanced breast reconstruction. Learn more about your breast reconstruction options and connect with other breast reconstruction patients here. You can also follow Dr C on Twitter!

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Tammy's Breast Reconstruction Journey. Part 3 - Finding My Surgeon

By Tammy Carrington

After deciding to pursue immediate breast reconstruction I went online and requested information from the PRMA website on a Saturday. By Monday morning Mistie (the nurse) called me back to see what information I needed. She was so kind and nice. She really listened to what I was saying and took my medical information and then verified my insurance. After I gave Mistie my medical information, the ball started rolling in the right direction. Mistie spoke with Dr. Chrysopoulo directly about my case and an appointment was scheduled. Once I met him I had an incredible peace about the whole thing. I knew that I found the right doctor and the right place to have my surgery.

When I arrived for my initial appointment, Dr. Chrysopoulo made me feel at ease immediately. He was kind, compassionate, and knowledgeable. He spoke with complete sincerity and he also had a great sense of humor, which helped to make me smile and made me feel at ease. It was also wonderful getting to meet Mistie in person after talking to her on the phone several times.

I had initially wanted to do reconstruction with implants thinking that my recovery time would be quicker. Dr. Chrysopoulo spoke to me about the pros and cons of implants verses DIEP flap reconstruction. Once it was laid out in front of me, it made complete sense to have the DIEP flap procedure rather than reconstruction with implants. The DIEP procedure would use tissue from my stomach to reconstruct my breasts and Dr. Chrysopoulo would begin the reconstruction as soon as the general surgeon completed the mastectomy - while I was still asleep. I would not have to return for reconstruction surgery later. That sounded great to me.

Dr. Chrysopoulo was preparing me for what might be ahead after surgery by saying that when I woke up, I would feel like I had been hit by an 18-wheeler but it would get better. He said that by a week later I would feel like I had been hit by a mini-van. I knew other women who had breast augmentation who said when they woke up; it felt like they had a Buick parked on their chest, so I knew that there would be pain following such major surgery. I prepared myself for whatever was ahead mentally. (Actually, my personal experience with pain following my surgery was so much less than what I mentally prepared for.)

Dr. Chrysopoulo also told me that my instructions following my surgery would be to basically “live in a recliner for 3 weeks getting up only to walk”. I knew that walking was going to be a big part of recovery, but that it would be important to take it a little easy as well.

(more to follow on The Breast Cancer Reconstruction Blog)

Tammy's Breast Reconstruction Journey. Part 1 - My Breast Cancer Diagnosis

Tammy's Breast Reconstruction Journey. Part 2 - Making The Decision

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Keep up to date with the latest news in breast cancer reconstruction at The Breast Cancer Reconstruction Blog. Also join us on Facebook and Twitter!

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Breast Reconstruction Surgery Options After Mastectomy

Every woman has a right to breast reconstruction surgery after breast cancer. This has been a federal mandate for some time and insurance companies have to pay for breast reconstruction surgery by law. There is no age limitation for breast reconstruction and there are many different options available.

"Immediate" breast reconstruction is performed at the same time as the mastectomy. Advantages include: preserving most of the patient's breast skin, a shorter/less obvious mastectomy scar and waking up with the new breast already in place (and avoiding the experience of a flat chest). It also generally provides the best cosmetic results particularly when combined with nipple-sparing or skin-sparing mastectomy.



"Delayed" reconstruction generally takes place after the mastectomy has healed. Many times patients required to undergo radiation following their mastectomies are advised to delay reconstructive surgery in order to achieve the best results. It is common to wait several months after the last radiation therapy session before proceeding with reconstruction to allow the soft tissues to recover completely from the radiotherapy.

Tissue expander reconstruction is the most common method of breast reconstruction in the United States. Most plastic surgeons perform this as a two-stage procedure. The expander is used to stretch the skin envelope and create the size of breast the patient and plastic surgeon desire. The expander is replaced by a permanent breast implant (saline or silicone) at a separate procedure some time later.

Some patients are candidates for one-step implant reconstruction (without expanders): a permanent breast implant is inserted immediately without going through the whole expansion process. In the one-step implant reconstruction the implant is completely covered by the pectoralis muscle and an acellular dermal graft (like Alloderm or FlexHD). These grafts are tissue implants that provide support and increase the amount of padding over the implant.

Implant reconstruction can be the best option for some patients. However, reconstruction with expanders and breast implants are associated with more complications than cosmetic breast augmentation. Complications following radiation therapy are also higher with implants compared to reconstructions using the patient’s own tissue.

The Latissimus procedure uses muscle (latissimus dorsi), fat and skin from the back (below the shoulder blade) that is brought around to the chest to create a new breast. Many patients also need an expander to obtain a satisfactory result. The expander is replaced by a permanent implant at a second procedure down the line. Patients typically a scar on their back that can be seen with some low-cut clothing. Women who are very active in sports may notice some strength loss with activities like golf, climbing, or tennis.

TRAM flap surgery is a common procedure that uses skin, fat and varying amounts of the sit-up muscle (rectus abdominus) from the lower abdomen. The tissue (or flap) is then relocated to the chest to create the new breast. This procedure also results in a tightening of the lower abdomen, or a "tummy tuck." Unfortunately, sacrifice of all or part of the abdominal muscle can result in bulging (or “pooching”) of the abdomen and even a hernia. Up until a few years ago, this was the gold standard in breast reconstruction.



DIEP flap breast reconstruction has replaced the TRAM flap as today's gold standard in breast reconstruction. The DIEP flap uses only skin and fat. This is disconnected from the lower abdomen and reconnected to the chest area using microsurgery to create a new breast. Since all the abdominal muscles are saved, patients do not have to sacrifice their abdominal strength. They also experience less pain and have a quicker recovery than TRAM patients. The risk of abdominal bulging and hernia is also very small. The SIEA flap is a variation of the DIEP flap. It is associated with an even easier recovery and a 0% hernia risk but requires specific anatomy which not all patients have. Like the TRAM, the DIEP and SIEA procedures also provide a simultaneous tummy tuck.

Women who do not have enough abdominal tissue for reconstruction may be eligible for the GAP (buttock) or TUG (upper inner thigh) flap procedures. The resulting scars are generally easily hidden by most underwear.

Like the DIEP flap, the GAP and TUG flap procedures are unfortunately not offered by most plastic surgeons as they require advanced training in microsurgery and reimbursement is very low. Only about 40 surgeons in the US perform these advanced procedures routinely.

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Dr Chrysopoulo is a board certified plastic surgeon specializing in breast reconstruction including advanced techniques like the DIEP flap procedure. Keep up to date with the latest news in breast cancer reconstruction at The Breast Cancer Reconstruction Blog, on Facebook and on Twitter!

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Growing Breasts from Fat Stem Cells: the Future of Breast Reconstruction

A new form of breast reconstruction that allows women to re-grow breasts from their own fat stem cells after a mastectomy could be offered to British and Australian breast cancer patients for the first time in 2010.

A human trial of the new technique is being planned by plastic surgeons at a London hospital. The trial will study whether fat cells can be induced to multiply and fill a breast-shaped mold implanted under the chest skin to recreate a breast after mastectomy. Australian scientists also recently announced that they would start similar treatments on women within six months, following animal studies involving mice and pigs that successfully re-grew breasts from fat.

If the human trials are as successful, this new technique could transform breast reconstruction surgery, offering an alternative to breast implant reconstruction and more complex tissue transfer techniques requiring significant down-time.

The technique is expected to take about eight months to grow a breast. Initially it will only be used to reconstruct breast cancer patients who have been cancer-free for at least 2 years. Eventually it may also be used for cosmetic breast augmentation allowing women to achieve a significantly larger breast size without needing saline or silicone implants.

The Australian team is led by Professor Wayne Morrison of the Bernard O’Brien Institute of Microsurgery in Melbourne. After a decade or so of working on this project he has now obtained ethical approval for a trial involving a handful of women.

I had the pleasure of listening to a presentation by Dr Morrison at the American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery in 2008. The technique involves using liposuction to remove some of the woman’s own fat cells. The concentration of stem cells within this fat is then boosted in the laboratory. A biocompatible scaffold is then implanted under the patient’s skin, to create a cavity that matches the shape of her remaining, natural breast. The stem cell-enhanced fat solution is then injected into the scaffold. Over time, the scaffold is filled by the multiplying fat cells which obtain the necessary nutrients from blood vessels surgically wrapped around the scaffold.

The first trials will likely require that the scaffold is removed at the end of the reconstruction process though there is some talk of making the scaffold absorbable in the future so this extra step can be avoided.

Right now the focus remains on growing a breast made completely of fat, without breast glandular tissue, milk ducts or nipple-areolar tissue. The nipple and areola will therefore still need to be reconstructed as an additional step.

These developments are very exciting. I am sure this is the direction breast reconstruction is going in. The most advanced techniques currently available, like the DIEP flap for instance, already use the patient's own fat to recreate a very natural breast. In the case of the DIEP flap, this tissue (fat and skin) is taken from the lower abdomen, providing the benefit of a tummy-tuck at the same time.

While DIEP flap breast reconstruction only takes a few hours (as opposed to eight months), it does involve major surgery and the creation of scars on another part of the body (lower abdomen). In addition, women still need a second surgery for "fine tuning" and nipple reconstruction. In essence then, the reconstruction process can still be fairly drawn out and take several months. I am sure many women will be eager to avoid major surgery and scarring for what could be a very similar end result once this new technique is optimized.

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Dr Chrysopoulo is a board certified plastic surgeon specializing in breast reconstruction and scar healing. Keep up to date with the latest news in breast cancer reconstruction at The Breast Cancer Reconstruction Blog. Also join us on Facebook and Twitter!

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Breast Cancer Reconstruction And Health Care Reform - What Does It Mean For You?

By Sharon Lacey

What does health care reform mean for patients with breast cancer and how will it affect you?

Well, it could mean...

Even though you or your loved one could benefit from advanced breast reconstructive surgery after mastectomy (like the DIEP flap procedure for example), your plastic surgeon might well have to say “no”.

While this may sound extreme to many of you, this would happen if comparative-effectiveness research rules that the benefits of the surgery for the average patient just don't justify its price tag, especially when compared with yesterday's treatments (like tissue expanders for example).

Unfortunately, medical advances and "cutting-edge" procedures do come at a price. Though this does mean certain procedures are more expensive, it has also ensured the United States has stayed at the leading edge of health care in the world, at least until now.

In an enormous break with tradition, such cost considerations based on averages will be factored into medical practice guidelines. These will function as an invisible hand that puts a brake on the more expensive procedures even though they benefit certain patients.

Standardized practice guidelines will be evident everywhere, even embedded into your doctor's government-certified computer: as described in the Obama budget, computer pop-ups will appear to help your doctor make decisions. (And through the same systems, his or her choices can be monitored for consistency with the guidelines.)

More uniform care will certainly improve weak performing doctors, but many experts worry about intruding on the seasoned judgment of the good physician. It remains to be seen how government micromanaging—if not rationing—of care, driven by reasons other than patient well-being, will go down,… particularly when that patient has a face.

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Keep up to date with the latest news in breast reconstruction at The Breast Cancer Reconstruction Blog. Also follow us on Twitter.

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Impact of Radiation on Breast Reconstruction

Radiation therapy is often recommended as part of breast cancer treatment. Patients undergoing lumpectomy receive radiation routinely once they've healed from surgery. Some mastectomy patients also need radiation after surgery depending on the characteristics of the tumor.

I think it is fair to say that most reconstructive breast surgeons, myself included, are not particularly fond of radiation because of the way it impacts the patient's tissues (and breast reconstruction in general.) Nonetheless, it is important to remember that "life comes before breast" and in certain situations there is a definite benefit for the patient in having radiation therapy.

So what's the problem with radiation therapy (from a plastic surgeon's perspective)? For starters it can cause toughening (fibrosis) and shrinking (contracture) of the patient's tissue which makes the tissue lose its elasticity and become more tough and rigid. Skin color changes are common, red at first turning more brown over time. Radiation can also cause burn injuries as well as damage to underlying organs such as the lungs and heart. Anyone who is facing radiation therapy must discuss all the potential risks with their their radiation oncologist beforehand.

Women undergoing lumpectomy are often told that most of their breast will be preserved and that radiation is given "as insurance" to decrease the risk of cancer recurrence. What many women don't appreciate is that the breast can end up looking vastly different once the treatment is done because of radiation changes, even though they underwent "breast conservation". Many women end up going to see a plastic surgeon anyway to fix this unforeseen problem, which ironically can include the same reconstructive procedures as for mastectomy.

Radiation after a tissue reconstruction (eg tram flap, diep flap) can cause the reconstructed breast to shrink and harden. Unfortunately, this is a fairly common scenario. Less frequently (with heavy radiation doses), new wounds can develop in the reconstructed breast which need wound care. Patients facing radiation after flap breast reconstruction should know that there is a risk of needing further reconstructive surgery to correct changes caused by the radiation therapy. One study found a re-operation rate of almost 30% in patients receiving radiation after TRAM flap reconstruction.

Tissue expander / implant reconstructions fair even worse with radiation. The complication rates in this setting are much higher than with tissue reconstructions, including complete failure of the reconstruction altogether (and removal of the implant). Some surgeons routinely offer implant reconstructions to patients that are either facing or have already had radiation therapy. There are even articles published in the plastic surgery literature supporting it. I have to respectfully disagree (strongly). In my experience mixing implants with radiation typically ends badly. I will only do this in the very rare instance that there is absolutely no other option.

So what's the take-home message?
1) "Breast conservation" can fall short of the patient's cosmetic expectations.
2) breast implants and radiation do not mix well.
3) If you're facing radiation after mastectomy think twice about insisting on immediate reconstruction. You may be lucky and things may work out just fine. However, there's also a good chance you'll be signing up for more surgery than you bargained for.

Dr C

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Dr Chrysopoulo is a board certified plastic surgeon specializing in breast reconstruction surgery after mastectomy using the patient's own tissue. PRMA Plastic Surgery, San Antonio, Texas. Toll Free: (800) 692-5565. Keep up to date with the latest news in breast reconstruction surgery and research at The Breast Cancer Reconstruction Blog.

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Texas Plastic Surgeons Offer Innovative New TUG Flap Procedure to Recreate Natural Breasts After Mastectomy

San Antonio, TX (PRWEB) February 23, 2009 -- Plastic, Reconstructive & Microsurgical Associates (PRMA) of South Texas, a leading breast reconstruction surgery practice in San Antonio, is now offering women the Transverse Upper Gracilis (TUG) flap procedure to restore their breasts after mastectomy. PRMA plastic surgeons specialize in breast reconstruction after breast cancer, with particular expertise in advanced microsurgical techniques using the patient's own living tissue.

"Increasingly, women facing mastectomy prefer new breasts sculpted from their own skin and fat, thereby avoiding the problems that often occur with implants," says Dr Chrysopoulo. Breasts shaped from living tissue have a natural look and feel that can't be achieved using implants or temporary prostheses. "While most patients prefer the Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator (DIEP) flap technique which uses a woman's lower abdominal tissue, it is a technique that may not be an option for those who have had previous tummy tucks, who don't have adequate abdominal fat, or who prefer not to scar their abdomens. TUG flap surgery is a viable option for these women; a way to restore their natural breasts with excellent results."

Both the TUG and DIEP flap procedures are complex, technically demanding microsurgical procedures requiring special skill and experience. During the TUG procedure, surgeons transplant a flap of skin, tissue and muscle from a woman's upper thigh to her chest. The process has distinct advantages compared to other types of natural tissue breast reconstruction: thigh tissue has superior contour, shape and projection; loss of the muscle does not inhibit an individual's mobility or function; scarring is not easily visible, and the procedure produces a cosmetic thigh lift as well as a new breast.

"TUG flap surgery allows a woman to come out of the operating room the same way she went in," says Chrysopoulo. "With nice-sized natural breasts in place." The TUG flap is an excellent post-mastectomy option for women who have mastectomy to either treat or prevent breast cancer.

Candidates for the TUG are women who:
• have small to medium-sized breasts.
• want to avoid an abdominal scar.
• lack sufficient abdominal tissue for DIEP breast reconstruction.
• have had a previous tummy tuck or other abdominal surgery.

PRMA board-certified surgeons routinely offer both reconstructive and cosmetic breast procedures, and perform more than 400 microsurgical breast reconstructions annually for patients from Texas and across the U.S. PRMA surgeons are in-network for most U.S. insurance plans. Visit www.prma-Enhance.com or contact 800-692-5565 to schedule a consultation or for more information about the TUG flap or any other reconstructive breast procedure.

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Breast Reconstruction After Mastectomy - Dr Chrysopoulo Radio Interview

It was an absolute pleasure to talk to DeLeon and Travis on "DeLeon Dialogue" last night.

Breast cancer survivor DeLeon and cervical cancer survivor Travis talk frankly with their guests about quality of life as cancer survivors in remission. They discuss side effects, spirituality, mastectomy, sexuality, health and wellness, self-esteem, food, exercise, relationships, and everything else in between.

Last night the one-hour show was about "breast reconstruction after mastectomy". We managed to cover a lot of ground - we talked about the various cutting edge breast reconstruction options currently available, breast implants, the impact of radiation therapy on reconstruction, recovery from surgery, and insurance coverage for reconstruction. Please click on the link below to listen to the show:

Breast Reconstruction after Mastectomy - Dr Chrysopoulo on DeLeon Dialogue

I hope you enjoy the show as much as I did!

Dr C

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Dr Chrysopoulo is a board certified plastic surgeon specializing in breast reconstruction surgery after mastectomy using the patient's own tissue (including DIEP flap and TUG flap procedures). PRMA Plastic Surgery, San Antonio, Texas. Toll Free: (800) 692-5565. Keep up to date with the latest news in breast reconstruction surgery and research at The Breast Cancer Reconstruction Blog.

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Breast Reconstruction Surgery - Part III - Perforator Flap Reconstruction

The ideal breast reconstruction technique is one which allows reconstruction of a “natural”, warm, soft breast with the least impact on the patient’s body. While breast reconstruction with stem cells may not be too far off, until it becomes a reality we are limited to using the patient’s own tissue to achieve these goals. As discussed in the previous posts in this breast reconstruction series, until fairly recently the only “tissue reconstruction” options involved sacrificing muscle. This made recovery from the surgery difficult and painful, not to mention the risk of long-term muscle function loss and weakness.

Perforator flap techniques use skin and fat from various parts of the body. All muscles are preserved. Since no muscle is sacrificed recovery is much easier and muscle strength and function are preserved long-term. The downside to these procedures is that they are technically much more demanding than other breast reconstruction techniques and require microsurgical expertise. For this reason they are not offered by many plastic surgeons and patients must be prepared to travel when choosing these procedures.

DIEP (Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator) Flap

The DIEP flap is the latest evolution of the TRAM flap (discussed in Part II) and represents today's gold standard in breast reconstruction. The DIEP flap procedure is similar to the TRAM flap but only requires the removal of skin and fat. NO MUSCLE is sacrificed. The blood vessels required to keep the tissue alive lay just beneath the abdominal muscle. Therefore, a small incision is made in the abdominal muscle in order to dissect the vessels and microsurgery is required to reattach the blood vessels to the chest area.

Even though an incision is made in the abdominal muscle NO abdominal muscle is removed or transferred to the breast in the DIEP flap procedure. As a result, patients do not have to sacrifice their abdominal strength and they experience less pain and a much quicker recovery. The risk of abdominal bulging and hernia is also very small.

The DIEP flap was first described in the early 1990's but has remained much less popular than the TRAM flap among plastic surgeons, presumably because of the increased complexity and difficulty of the procedure compared to the TRAM.

So the advantages of the DIEP flap are multiple: it uses living tissue to recreate a breast that often looks and feels like a normal breast; abdominal strength is not affected; the risk of bulging or hernias is significantly reduced; and, like the TRAM flap, the patient benefits from a simultaneous “tummy-tuck”.

The DIEP flap is a very technically demanding operation but the benefits are tremendous for the patient, especially when performed at the same time as a skin-sparing mastectomy.

SIEA (Superficial Inferior Epigastric Artery) Flap

The SIEA flap procedure is very similar to the DIEP flap procedure. The main difference between the SIEA and DIEP is the artery used for blood flow supply to the reconstructed breast. The SIEA arteries are generally found in the fatty tissue just below skin.

As in the DIEP the SIEA flap reconstruction does not sacrifice the abdominal muscle and only uses the patient's skin and fat to reconstruct the breast. While the SIEA flap procedure is similar to the DIEP it is used less frequently since less than 20% of patients have the anatomy required to allow this procedure.

GAP (Gluteal Artery Perforator) Flap

Women who do not have an adequate amount of abdominal tissue for reconstruction may be eligible for the GAP flap. This procedure uses excess skin and fat from the gluteal or buttock region. Fat and skin from either the upper or lower buttock region can be used and microsurgically transplanted to the chest.

Once again, no muscle is sacrificed. Incisions can generally be hidden by most underwear. If a patient requires a bilateral reconstruction with GAP flaps most surgeons prefer to only perform one side at a time. It is important to discuss this possibility with your surgeon.

Advantages of the GAP flap include: a scar that is generally hidden with underwear or swimsuits, and no loss of muscle function or strength.

Other Breast Reconstruction Options:

TUG (Transverse Upper Gracilis) Flap

Like the GAP flap, the TUG flap is an option in cases where there is not enough lower abdominal tissue to reconstruct the breast(s). The TUG procedure uses the upper part of the inner thigh; skin, fat and a small amount of muscle are disconnected and transferred to the chest to create the new breast. The patient benefits from a simultaneous inner thigh lift. Once again, this procedure is not widely available due to its complexity and need for microsurgical expertise.

It is important to realize that whichever method of reconstruction is used, the vast majority of women will require 2 or even 3 procedures for the optimal cosmetic result. Each procedure is typically separated by several weeks. The entire reconstructive process, regardless of the method of reconstruction, can therefore take several months to complete. However, breast reconstruction does NOT typically complicate or delay cancer treatment such as chemotherapy.

With all this in mind and also remembering the superior cosmetic results associated with immediate breast reconstruction (reconstruction performed at the same time as mastectomy), it is recommended that women discuss their reconstructive options with a plastic surgeon specializing in breast reconstruction before undergoing mastectomy whenever possible.

For more information about breast reconstruction options please visit www.prma-Enhance.com. For the latest news and developments in breast reconstruction please also visit The Breast Cancer Reconstruction Blog.

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Dr Chrysopoulo, board certified plastic surgeon, PRMA Plastic Surgery, San Antonio, TX. Specializing in breast reconstruction surgery after mastectomy for breast cancer. Over 350 DIEP flaps performed yearly. In-network for most US insurance plans. Toll Free (800) 692-5565. www.prma-Enhance.com. Latest breast reconstruction news available at The Breast Cancer Reconstruction Blog.

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Breast Reconstruction With Tissue Much Safer Than Implants When Radiation Planned After Mastectomy

A study published in the November issue of the International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics examined the effect of radiation therapy on different methods of immediate breast reconstruction surgery. For breast cancer patients who receive radiation therapy after a mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction, autologous tissue reconstruction (ie reconstruction using their own tissue) provides fewer long-term complications and superior cosmetic results than breast reconstruction with a tissue expander and subsequent breast implant.

Many women choose to undergo breast reconstruction surgery at the same time as their mastectomy procedure (under the same anesthetic). This avoids many of the psycho-social issues women face when dealing with a flat chest after mastectomy alone. However, frequently radiation can negatively affect the outcome of reconstruction and increase the risk of long-term complications.

Radiation therapy is increasingly becoming the standard of care for high-risk breast cancer patients after mastectomy in an attempt to decrease local cancer recurrence. However, this can cause a problem for both patients and their radiation oncologists.

Researchers at the Department of Radiation Oncology at Long Island Radiation Therapy in Garden City, N.Y., the Department of Surgery at Long Island Jewish Hospital in New Hyde Park, N.Y., the Department of Surgery at North Shore University Hospital in Manhasset, N.Y., and the Department of Surgery at Winthrop University Hospital in Mineola, N.Y., looked at whether the type of reconstruction performed in women receiving radiation after a mastectomy had an impact on their long-term outcomes.

Two general types of breast reconstruction are available for patients facing mastectomy for breast cancer: autologous tissue reconstruction utilizing the patient's own tissue (eg DIEP flap, GAP flap, TRAM flap, or latissimus flap) transferred to the chest to recreate the breast(s); and tissue expander/implant reconstruction which involves placement of an inflatable tissue expander (temporary saline implant) and exchange for a permanent implant (saline or silicone) at a separate procedure later on.

This study involved the largest reported series of patients who sequentially underwent mastectomy, immediate reconstruction and postmastectomy radiation therapy. Ninety-two patients were observed for a period of 38 months following breast reconstruction and radiation therapy.

Researchers found that autologous breast reconstruction is better tolerated by breast cancer patients because it is associated with fewer long-term complications and better cosmetic results than tissue expander/implant reconstruction.

None of the 23 patients reconstructed with their own tissue required further surgery while 33% of tissue expander/implant patients needed surgery to correct a problem with their reconstruction. Eighty-three percent of autologous reconstruction patients reported acceptable cosmetic results, as opposed to only 54% of implant patients.

"This study is useful for patients who are candidates for either [method of reconstruction] and are making a decision with regards to reconstruction technique," Jigna Jhaveri, M.D., lead author of the study and a radiation oncologist at Advanced Radiation Centers of New York in Hauppauge, N.Y., said. "Our study provides evidence that patients who undergo autologous tissue reconstruction and radiation therapy have fewer long term complications and better cosmetic outcomes than those who undergo tissue expander/implant reconstruction and radiation therapy."

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Here's my take....

While some plastic surgeons will disagree with this statement I strongly believe that breast implants and radiation therapy do not get along (at all). I feel the complication rate in implant-reconstructed women receiving radiation therapy is very high, particularly long-term. The handful of women that "do fine" in the short-term will very frequently end up with hard, uncomfortable breasts as the irradiated tissue firms-up over time and squeezes down on the implant. In my opinion the re-operation rate is too high for tissue expander/implant reconstruction to be offered as a routine option when radiation is on the table. This study confirms that breast reconstruction using the patient's own tissue is far safer than tissue expander/implant reconstruction in women facing radiation therapy after mastectomy.

Dr C

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Dr Chrysopoulo is a board certified plastic surgeon specializing in breast reconstruction surgery after mastectomy, particularly advanced perforator flap techniques such as the DIEP flap procedure. PRMA Plastic Surgery, San Antonio, Texas. Toll Free: (800) 692-5565. Keep up to date with the latest breast reconstruction news by following The Breast Cancer Reconstruction Blog.

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Breast Cancer Recurrence Not Related To Method Of Breast Reconstruction

One of my breast cancer patients called me today. She recently underwent bilateral mastectomies and immediate breast reconstruction with DIEP flaps. She recovered very well from the surgery but unfortunately her pathology results showed that she had cancer extending almost to the edge of the mastectomy specimen. The exact medical jargon used by the pathologist was.... "invasive carcinoma extending to 1mm from the margin". She also had DCIS (ductal carcinoma in situ) "extending to 0.2mm from the margin."

From a purist's perspective, these results still represent "clear margins". In other words, no tumor was found at the edge of the mastectomy specimen so there is no reason to believe there is any cancer left in my patient's breast. BUT, it's very close and that is certainly worrisome.

She called me today because she visited with her oncologist (cancer doc) and a radiation oncologist (cancer doc specializing in radiotherapy) and radiation therapy was recommended (in addition to the planned chemotherapy).

She explained to the radiation oncologist that she was worried the radiation therapy would ruin her DIEP flap reconstruction. She is right to be fearful of this - patients undergoing radiation therapy after an autologous reconstruction (ie a reconstruction using their own tissue) have a 28% risk of needing further surgery to correct asymmetry caused by the radiation changes (usually firming and shrinking) of the irradiated breast.

The response she received from the radiation oncologist baffled me (and is actually the reason behind this blogpost)...... "DIEP flap? What's a DIEP flap?.... if you'd had a TRAM flap then you wouldn't be needing radiation".

What?

This is a ridiculous statement. Let me clarify why...

This lady is being recommended radiation therapy as an insurance policy to decrease the risk of local recurrence (cancer coming back in the same breast). This is a consequence of her "near margins" which in turn are a result of the mastectomy specimen. Obviously the mastectomy was completed before the reconstruction was even started. If this lady had only had the mastectomy (without reconstruction) the margins would be the same. The breast reconstruction, and moreover, the type of breast reconstruction has absolutely nothing to do with it. The margins, the pathologist reading and the recommendation for radiation therapy would have been exactly the same whether reconstruction was performed or not.

So what's the take home message if you're considering breast reconstruction surgery? Choose whichever method of reconstruction is best for you. Your decision will not influence the likelihood of your cancer coming back in any way. The risk of cancer recurrence is related to the characteristics of the cancer itself and the mastectomy margins, not the method of reconstruction.

Dr C

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Dr Chrysopoulo is a board certified breast reconstruction surgeon specializing in DIEP flap breast reconstruction surgery. He and his partners perform over 350 DIEP flap procedures each year with a success rate of over 99%. PRMA Plastic Surgery, San Antonio, Texas. Toll Free: (800) 692-5565. Keep up to date with the latest breast reconstruction news by following Dr Chrysopoulo's Breast Cancer Reconstruction Blog.

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Avoiding Denervation of Abdominal Muscles during DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction Surgery

The following interesting article was published in the "Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery" journal this month.....

Avoiding Denervation of Rectus Abdominis in DIEP Flap Harvest II: An Intraoperative Assessment of the Nerves to Rectus
by Rozen W, Ashton M, Kiil B, et al.
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery:Volume 122(5) November 2008 pp 1321-1325.

Background: The deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flap aims to reduce donor-site morbidity by minimizing rectus muscle damage; however, damage to motor nerves during perforator dissection may denervate rectus muscle. Although cadaveric research has demonstrated that individual nerves do not arise from single spinal cord segments and are not distributed segmentally, the functional distribution of individual nerves remains unknown. Using intraoperative nerve stimulation, the current study describes the motor distribution of individual nerves supplying the rectus abdominis, providing a guide to nerve dissection during DIEP flap harvest.

Methods: Twenty rectus abdominis muscles in 17 patients undergoing reconstructive surgery involving rectus abdominis (DIEP, transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous, or vertical rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flaps) underwent intraoperative stimulation of nerves innervating the infraumbilical segment of the rectus. Nerve course and extent of rectus muscle contraction were recorded.

Results: In each case, three to seven nerves entered the infraumbilical segment of the rectus abdominis. Small nerves (type 1) innervated small longitudinal strips of rectus muscle, rather than transverse strips as previously described. There was significant overlap between adjacent type 1 nerves. In 18 of 20 cases, a single large nerve (type 2) at the level of the arcuate line supplied the entire width and length of rectus muscle.

Conclusions: Nerves innervating the rectus abdominis are at risk during DIEP flap harvest. Small, type 1 nerves have overlapping innervation from adjacent nerves and may be sacrificed without functional detriment. However, large type 2 nerves at the level of the arcuate line innervate the entire width of rectus muscle without adjacent overlap and may contribute to donor-site morbidity if sacrificed.

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Here's my take....

The long and the short of it is that for DIEP flap surgery to be considered successful several things need to happen (in my opinion):

1) the tissue (flap) transferred to the chest to create the new breast must survive. ie the new breast must live. Obvious.
2) the patient must not suffer any ill-effects from removal of the tissue ("flap") from the abdomen. This is what we call in the trade "donor-site morbidity". Abdominal bulging, hernia and significant muscle strength loss fall in this category.
3) the patient must be happy.

Number 1 is obvious.

This article addresses number 2. Ideally, other than the scar, the patient's abdomen must recover completely from the surgery and suffer no long-term problems for the surgery to be deemed a full success.

It does not matter how much muscle is left behind if the nerves supplying it have all been cut. A muscle without a healthy nerve supply will lose it's tone, strength and function. If the DIEP surgeon does not take great care to identify and preserve the majority of the nerves supplying the abdominal muscle then the benefits of the DIEP are potentially lost.

I feel it is important for me to make an additional point..... I'm going to take it for granted that you have chosen an experienced DIEP flap surgeon. I have heard of some patients (indeed some of mine too) entering the consultation with their DIEP flap surgeon having already decided they will be getting a DIEP flap and nothing else. This is a dangerous game to play and I'm going to explain why.

I'd like to think that most breast reconstruction surgeons would spend the required time with their patient discussing the differences between saving ALL the abdominal muscle (a DIEP flap) and having to sacrifice a very small amount (a muscle-sparing type 2 free TRAM).

The truth is this.... in some (very few) instances, patient's do not have the appropriate anatomy to allow for a DIEP flap. Though this happens rarely in our practice, it does still happen on occasion. Trying to "force" a DIEP flap out of a patient who does not have favorable anatomy requires more muscle dissection and will significantly increase the risk of nerve damage to the abdominal muscle. The potential resulting loss of tone, strength and function will place the patient in a much worse position than if she'd had a muscle-sparing type 2 free TRAM flap to begin with (postage-stamp sized piece of muscle sacrificed).

Please do not be adamant going in to the consult about which procedure you're to receive. As long as you have chosen an experienced microsurgeon specializing in these procedures chances are that you will indeed get a DIEP flap. BUT, your anatomy is the deciding factor. Your surgeon didn't give that to you, he just has to work with it.

Dr C

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Dr Chrysopoulo is a board certified breast reconstruction surgeon specializing in DIEP flap breast reconstruction surgery. He and his partners perform over 350 DIEP flap procedures each year with a success rate of over 99%. PRMA Plastic Surgery, San Antonio, Texas. Toll Free: (800) 692-5565. Keep up to date with the latest breast reconstruction news by following Dr Chrysopoulo's Breast Cancer Reconstruction Blog.

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Plastic Surgeon using New Technology in Breast Reconstruction Surgery

Wendy Rigby- KENS 5 Eyewitness News

San Antonio's Methodist Hospital is one of only two facilities in the country offering a new technology to help in breast reconstruction surgery — a system that gives doctors a more precise way to see what they are operating on.

Plastic surgeon, Dr. Minas Chrysopoulo is a man on a mission. He wants more breast cancer patients to know that when they face a mastectomy, they can have their breast reconstructed at the same time. Dr. Chrysopoulo performs the new procedure at the Methodist Hospital.

It's a specialized form of breast reconstruction surgery called the "DIEP flap", where doctors take skin and fat from the patient's abdomen, and use it to form a natural-looking breast by using Novadaq's new imaging system called "SPY…" the doctor is able to preserve stomach muscles, while transferring skin and fat. The key is a special dye — a fluorescent agent injected into the body during the four hour operation.

"It's a bit like an angiogram but without exposing the patient to radiation," said Dr. Chrysopoulo. "The dye travels through the bloodstream and basically lights up the blood vessels. It provides a bit of a road map for us, and it helps us identify these vessels a little bit quicker. It helps us formulate the best surgical plan so that we can preserve the patient's abdominal muscle."

Dr. Chrysopoulo and his partners have used the SPY system on about 150 patients since February with great success. After time, the resulting breast is natural looking, and for the patient, a natural feeling.

While the abdomen is scarred like after a tummy tuck procedure, the abdominal muscles and core strength can be preserved. This tedious microsurgery is on the cutting edge of breast reconstruction. Doctors say waking up from cancer surgery with a new breast can make a big difference on a woman's outlook.

"Psycho-socially, it's a huge deal to wake up without a flat chest," Dr. Chrysopoulo said.

Only about 40 plastic surgeons in the country are using this particular procedure routinely. Patients come to San Antonio from all over the United States and even from some foreign countries to have the operation that promises less pain, a shorter hospital stay and a faster recovery.

Dr Chrysopoulo and his partners are breast reconstruction specialists and perform hundreds of DIEP flaps every year. Learn more about DIEP flap breast reconstruction surgery here.

Watch the KENS 5 feature video clip here.

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Comparison of Abdominal Donor-Site Morbidity of SIEA, DIEP, and Muscle-Sparing Free TRAM Flaps for Breast Reconstruction.

A study published in September's edition of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery examined the abdominal recovery rates and patient satisfaction after breast reconstruction with different abdominal flaps: the DIEP, SIEA and muscle-sparing free TRAM. The SIEA (superficial inferior epigastric artery) flap is the least invasive method of lower abdominal flap breast reconstruction; however, there are no published reports comparing the donor-site morbidity of SIEA flaps to that of TRAM (transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous) flaps or DIEP (deep inferior epigastric artery perforator) flaps. A description of how these abdominal flap breast reconstruction procedures differ is available here.

The authors of the study used a 12-question patient survey and retrospective chart review to compare donor-site (abdominal) function, pain, and aesthetics in 179 patients who had unilateral or bilateral breast reconstruction with 47 SIEA flaps, 49 DIEP flaps, and 136 muscle-sparing free TRAM flaps during a 5-year period.

Unilateral SIEA flap patients scored higher on 10 of the 12 survey questions compared with unilateral muscle-sparing TRAM flap patients, including reporting significantly better postoperative lifting ability. Abdominal pain also seemed to lessen sooner in the unilateral SIEA group (though this was not statistically significant) when compared to the muscle-sparing free TRAM group. Bilateral breast reconstruction patients with at least one SIEA flap scored higher on all 12 survey questions, including reporting significantly better ability to get out of bed (sit-up motion) compared with patients with bilateral muscle-sparing TRAM or DIEP flaps. The greatest benefit of the SIEA flap occurs in cases of bilateral breast reconstruction where at least one of the flaps used is an SIEA flap. There were no differences between patients that had undergone reconstruction of only 1 breast (unilateral) with an SIEA flap versus those that had had a DIEP flap.

The authors' conclusions were that breast reconstruction using SIEA flaps results in significantly less abdominal donor-site issues than DIEP flaps in bilateral cases and free muscle-sparing TRAM flaps in both unilateral and bilateral cases. The authors felt that these differences were "clinically relevant" and recommended that SIEA flaps be used whenever possible in preference to DIEP or muscle-sparing free TRAM flaps for breast reconstruction.

These findings are not surprising to me at all. They make a lot of sense considering that the SIEA flap procedure requires the least amount of surgical dissection while the muscle-sparing free TRAM is the most invasive (due to removal of some of the rectus abdominis muscle). One would expect recovery to be easiest in patients that undergo the least invasive surgery and this is essentially what this study has shown. Interestingly though, in patients undergoing unilateral breast reconstruction (one breast only), DIEP flaps are just as good as SIEA flaps in terms of recovery and patient satisfaction even though the DIEP procedure is slightly more invasive.

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Dr Chrysopoulo is a board certified breast reconstruction surgeon specializing in breast reconstruction surgery after mastectomy for breast cancer. He and his partners perform hundreds of microsurgical breast reconstructions with perforator flaps each year including the DIEP flap procedure. PRMA Plastic Surgery, San Antonio, Texas. Toll Free: (800) 692-5565. Keep up to date with the latest breast reconstruction news by following Dr Chrysopoulo's Breast Cancer Reconstruction Blog.

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